Building applications for deployment to the web has evolved over the last several years to be focused on dynamic behavior, separation of model/view/controller, and simplified but scalable configuration and deployment. From a performance, tools and library perspective I’m still highly biased to development in Java over more up-and-coming languages. However, much has been learned in the Java community from the better frameworks like Rails and those lessons should not be ignored.
I’ve been looking for a while though to find that perfect combination of frameworks and libraries that would give me the expressive power that I want for building web applications. There have been many contenders from JRuby on Rails, to Grails, to Seam and even just writing everything myself. Ultimately, I believe in the DRY principle (like Rails), though I don’t think many frameworks go far enough when dealing with the database. When you are building a web application it is rare that you are going to change what database you are using. In fact, the majority of your scaling architecture is likely highly dependent on how you store your data. This is why I prefer an application framework that allows me to start with the database and construct my application’s data object model from it.
So what are my acceptance criteria for this über-framework?
- Great object-relational mapping tool that works well with MySQL + PostgreSQL
- Excellent support for consuming and producing XML and JSON that integrates with the well with the data objects that the ORM tool uses
- Supports writing MVC applications naturally
- Support for building REST APIs with arbitrary URL mapping to service parameters
- High straight-line performance with the ability to scale up servers
- Great defaults that make configuration mostly unnecessary with simple deployment
- State-of-the-art IDE support. I don’t like to type anymore nor memorize APIs.
- Suitable for quick prototyping and production applications
- Support for templating views of any output type (HTML, XML, etc)
- Easy to unit and integration test
- Open source
Certainly a high barrier but I think I have finally found one that is a very strong contender. Amazingly, it is even coming out of the JSR standards process with a nice layer of open source on top of it. JSR-311 was stated to develop an API for providing support for RESTful Web Services in the Java Platform. Not only does it do that nicely but it also has the right hooks for simple dependency injection, orthogonal to JPA (my favorite ORM), support for both XML and JSON natively, and except in unusual circumstances very DRY.
Because it is in Java and works well with JPA it satisfies a large number of my requirements before we even look at what it offers. Another aspect of it that didn’t make the above list is that the production quality reference implementation is available as a couple of dependencies in Maven making it very easy to work with. It also works well deployed within lightweight containers like Grizzly, heavier ones like Tomcat and Glassfish, and the REST APIs it creates can even be directly tested without any container at all. There are some things that Jersey supports that are non-standard that I think are excellent additions to the framework and should likely make it into future versions including support for templating (like JSP and Freemarker) that help it satisfy my requirements.
To give you an example of how terse the API can be, here is the simplest example that includes deployment as an operating web service:
public class Main { @Path("/helloworld") public static class HelloWorldResource { @GET @Produces("text/plain") public String getClichedMessage() { return "Hello World"; } } public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException { Map<String, String> initParams = new HashMap<String, String>(); initParams.put("com.sun.jersey.config.property.packages", "com.sun.jersey.samples.helloworld"); System.out.println("Starting grizzly..."); URI uri = UriBuilder.fromUri("http://localhost/").port(9998).build(); SelectorThread threadSelector = GrizzlyWebContainerFactory.create(uri, initParams); System.out.println(String.format("Try out %shelloworld\nHit enter to stop it...", uri)); System.in.read(); threadSelector.stopEndpoint(); } }
The @Path annotation lets you use URI path templates to specify the matching paths and path parameters to your REST service. You can produce any set of content-types and content negotiation will be done for you based on the incoming request. Exceptions can be mapped directly to error responses. Query, Matrix, Path, Header and Cookie parameters are all supported and automatically injected based on annotations. Here is a more sophisticated example from an application I am writing:
@GET @Produces("application/json") @Path("/network/{id: [0-9]+}/{nid}") public User getUserByNetworkId(@PathParam("id") int id, @PathParam("nid") String networkId) { Query q = em.createQuery("SELECT u FROM User u WHERE u.networkId = :id AND u.networkUserId = :nid"); q.setParameter("id", id); q.setParameter("nid", networkId); return (User) q.getSingleResult(); }
In this example we are implementing a GET request with two path parameters, id and uid. They are automatically passed into the method on execution and then I use them in a JPA statement. EntityNotFoundException is actually mapped to a 404 but I don’t need to deal with that in the method itself. PUTs and POSTs are similarly straight-forward. This method creates a new user:
@PUT @Consumes("application/json") @Produces("application/json") @Path("/create") public User createUser(User user) { user.setNetwork(em.getReference(Network.class, user.getNetworkId())); em.persist(user); em.refresh(user); return user; }
All very declarative and readable. And works great with JPA objects that also happen to be JAXB objects. Notice that in those examples I am returning JSON but I don’t need to explicitly convert my objects. All that is handled by built in message readers and writers (which can be extended if need be).
One thing that I will note is that after struggling with both OpenJPA (less than ideal support for the standard) and Hibernate (some very odd runtime class munging) I settled with Toplink-Essentials (the open-source version of Oracle Toplink). It is much more robust than OpenJPA and is much cleaner at runtime than Hibernate. Finally here is what a typical Maven dependencies look like for creating a Jersey-based web application:
<repositories> <repository> <id>maven2-repository.dev.java.net</id> <name>Java.net Repository for Maven</name> <url>http://download.java.net/maven/2</url> </repository> <repository> <id>java.net</id> <url>http://download.java.net/maven/1</url> <layout>legacy</layout> </repository> </repositories> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>com.sun.jersey</groupId> <artifactId>jersey-server</artifactId> <version>1.0.1</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>com.sun.jersey</groupId> <artifactId>jersey-json</artifactId> <version>1.0.1</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>com.sun.jersey</groupId> <artifactId>jersey-atom</artifactId> <version>1.0.1</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>mysql</groupId> <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId> <version>5.1.6</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>toplink.essentials</groupId> <artifactId>toplink-essentials</artifactId> <version>2.1-60</version> </dependency> </dependencies>
I was very impressed with how little it took to get going, especially with IntelliJ 8.0‘s awesome support for reading pom.xml files. So now I’m a few days into building the application I set out to build and things are going great. I haven’t hit any roadblocks so far and I’ve planned pretty far out already so I don’t expect to. Though, with Jersey’s extensibility API, I think that if I do run into anything I have a great escape valve for augmenting the framework. I’m not associated with Jersey or the JSR-311 specification but I might have to join in the fun. This framework looks like it will have long legs in the Java community.